Businesses in the UK’s food supply chain have been impacted by the cyber-attack which hit supermarket fridges and freezers across Europe on Monday.

The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) says it is aware of “a couple of instances where vulnerable technology had been exploited in the UK.”

The NCSC’s chief executive Dr Richard Horne told the Today programme, on BBC Radio Four, that it had “worked through the night” to alert potentially affected organisations in the UK.

The British Association of Independent Meat Suppliers (AIMS) has told the BBC some of its more than 300 members had unexpectedly become what it called “collateral” as part of the hacks.

“None who have been affected have lost any meat but once again this must act as a reminder to all in the food industry at whatever point in the supply chain they are that their businesses may be see by some as targets,” said Tony Goodger, head of communications at AIMS.

“We urge our members and the wider industry to be vigilant.”

It comes after supermarkets in countries including Ireland, Sweden, Estonia, and Belgium reported fridges being hiked in temperature on Monday.

The events followed attacks targeting supermarkets and food suppliers across France in early October.

Hundreds of stores were targeted by the overnight hack, which spoiled fresh and frozen food estimated to be worth millions of euros.

Those attacks exploited vulnerabilities in some systems used to remotely control and manage cold refrigeration units that had been surfaced by cyber-security researchers months prior.

Horne told the BBC on Tuesday that it was still “too early to say” who was behind the hacks.

But he said it pointed to an urgent need for organisations and businesses to ensure the technology underpinning a whole range of applications we use and need daily was secure and up-to-date.

“That technology base we rely on as a society has not been invested on to the extent it needs to be,” Horne said, noting many firms had extended systems beyond their end of life, not upgraded them nor kept them in secure compartments disconnected from the internet.

Such actions can create vulnerabilities that many cyber-security experts say amounts to low-hanging fruit for hackers, and can be easily exploited.

But the UK’s cyber chief said that they could be found and exploited more quickly and easily via “AI in the hands of our adversaries”.

“We do need all organisations to look at what they rely on, to invest in renewal,” he said.

“We intervene where we can. But, at the end of the day, it’s your business. It’s your charity. It’s your life. You need to make the choice and choose wisely.”

Around 40 Delhaize supermarkets in Belgium and Luxembourg were affected in Monday’s cyber incident, while a smaller number of shops were hit in Sweden, Ireland, the Netherlands, Estonia and Finland.

Sabcobel, a Belgian company that manufactures some of the affected refrigerators, said the units’ evaporators were switched to defrost mode, causing them to warm up.

The same method was thought to have been used in last month’s incident that hit hundreds of French supermarkets.

As with that incident, many of the retailers affected on Monday said they had no choice but to throw away spoiled food – some saying it amounted to hundreds of thousands of euro in lost produce.

Mathieu Tilman, who runs a Delhaize supermarket in Belgium, told the BBC he found it “truly distressing”.

“There’s so many people starving, people who don’t have enough to eat. How can we end up throwing away so much food?”

“In moments like these, you just feel like quitting your job.”

So far, there have been little to no signs of any such impact in the UK.

But the BBC has approached major UK supermarkets for comment and asked what action, if any, they are taking to safeguard against any similar hacks attempts.

“Retailers invest heavily in their cybersecurity and are currently working with the NCSC to ensure their fridges and freezers are secure as possible against potential attacks,” said Graham Wynn, assistant director of regulatory affairs at the British Retail Consortium.

Asda, Lidl, M&S, Sainsbury’s and Tesco are among the retail trade association’s members.

Sign up for our Tech Decoded newsletter to follow the world’s top tech stories and trends. Outside the UK? Sign up here.